
Sub Topics: Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience,...
Sub Tracks Clinical Neurology, Neurodegenerative...
Sub-tracks Types of Stroke,
Ischemic Stroke, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), Risk
Factors for Stroke, Non-modifiable risk factors , Modifiable risk factors ,
Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke, FAST Test for Recognizing Stroke, Prevention of
Stroke
Stroke
A stroke is a medical
emergency that occurs when there is a disruption in the blood flow to the
brain, leading to the death of brain cells. This interruption in blood supply
can be caused by either a blockage (ischemic stroke) or a rupture (hemorrhagic
stroke) of blood vessels in the brain. A stroke can cause permanent brain
damage, long-term disability, or even death if not treated promptly.
Types of Stroke
Ischemic Stroke
Overview: This type of stroke occurs when a blood
clot or plaque blocks a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain, causing a
reduction in blood flow.
Subtypes:
Thrombotic Stroke: Occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms
in one of the arteries supplying blood to the brain, typically due to
atherosclerosis (fatty deposits in the arteries).
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Overview: A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in
the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding in or around the brain. The increased
pressure from the bleeding can damage brain tissue.
Subtypes:
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The most common type, occurs when
an artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Overview: Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is
a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain. The symptoms of a TIA are
similar to a stroke, but they resolve within a few minutes to hours and do not
cause permanent brain damage.
Risk Factors for Stroke
Several factors can increase the risk of having a stroke. These can be
modifiable (lifestyle-related) or non-modifiable (genetic or age-related).
Non-modifiable risk factors:
Age: Stroke risk increases with age, especially after age
55.
Gender: Men are at a higher risk of stroke at a younger age,
while women are at a higher risk after menopause.
Family history: A family history of stroke or heart disease
can increase risk.
Genetic factors: Certain genetic conditions, such as sickle
cell disease, increase stroke risk.
Modifiable risk factors:
Hypertension (high blood pressure): The most significant
modifiable risk factor for stroke.
Smoking: Smoking increases the risk of clot formation and
artery damage.
Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes contributes to arterial
damage and increases stroke risk.
Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke
The symptoms of a stroke usually appear suddenly and can vary depending on
the part of the brain affected. Common signs and symptoms include:
Sudden numbness or weakness: Particularly on one side of the
body (face, arm, or leg).
Difficulty speaking or understanding speech: Trouble forming
words or comprehending language.
Vision problems: Sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes,
or double vision.
Sudden severe headache: Often described as the worst
headache ever, particularly in hemorrhagic stroke.
FAST Test for Recognizing Stroke:
A useful way to recognize the signs of a stroke quickly is the FAST
acronym:
Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face
droop or feel numb?
Arms: Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift
downward or feel weak?
Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is their
speech slurred or strange?
Time: If the person shows any of these symptoms, call
emergency services immediately. Time is critical for treatment.
Diagnosis of Stroke
Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Diagnosis usually
involves:
Medical History and Physical Exam: The doctor will evaluate
symptoms and risk factors.
Imaging Tests:
CT Scan (Computed Tomography): A rapid imaging technique
that helps identify bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke) or ischemic
areas (ischemic stroke).
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Provides more detailed
images of the brain and is especially useful for detecting ischemic strokes.
Blood Tests: To check for clotting disorders or other
underlying conditions.
Treatment for Stroke
The treatment for a stroke depends on its type (ischemic or hemorrhagic)
and the severity of the symptoms. Timely intervention is essential for
minimizing brain damage and improving outcomes.
Ischemic Stroke Treatment:
Thrombolytics (Clot-busting Drugs): Medications such as tPA
(tissue plasminogen activator) can dissolve the clot causing the stroke if
administered within a few hours of symptom onset.
Endovascular Procedures: Mechanical thrombectomy, in which a
clot is physically removed from the artery, may be performed for large clots.
Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment:
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be needed to repair the
ruptured blood vessel or to remove a hematoma (accumulation of blood in the
brain).
Medications: To control blood pressure, prevent seizures,
and reduce swelling in the brain.
Post-Stroke Rehabilitation:
After the acute phase, rehabilitation is essential for
improving the chances of recovery and regaining lost functions. This may
include:
Physical Therapy: To help with motor function and mobility.
Occupational Therapy: To assist with daily activities and
independence.
Prevention of Stroke
Stroke prevention strategies focus on addressing risk factors and
promoting healthy habits:
Manage Hypertension: Keeping blood pressure under control is
the most effective stroke prevention strategy.
Quit Smoking: Stopping smoking reduces the risk of stroke.