Track 23: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders

Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders in Neurology

Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in neurology refer to conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues in the central or peripheral nervous system. These disorders can cause a variety of neurological symptoms, including motor, sensory, and cognitive impairments. The inflammation in the nervous system can be caused by immune system dysfunction or an abnormal response to infections or environmental triggers.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Neurological Disorders

1. Medical History and Physical Examination: A detailed history of symptoms, family history, and risk factors is crucial.
2. Blood Tests: Antibody tests to identify specific autoantibodies (e.g., anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis, anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica).
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Can detect inflammation, lesions, and demyelination in the brain or spinal cord.
4. Electroencephalogram (EEG): Used to detect abnormal electrical activity in the brain, especially in cases of seizures or encephalitis.
5. Lumbar Puncture: Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for signs of infection or inflammation in the CNS, often used in conditions like encephalitis.
6. Nerve Conduction Studies: Used to assess the function of peripheral nerves in conditions like GBS or CIDP.

Treatment and Management

Immunosuppressive Medications:

Corticosteroids: Used to reduce inflammation and modulate immune activity in conditions like MS, SLE, and encephalitis

Plasmapheresis or IVIG: Often used in acute cases of autoimmune neurological disorders to remove harmful antibodies or to provide immune support.

Other Immunosuppressive Drugs: Medications such as methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab are used to reduce the immune system’s attack on the nervous system.