
Sub Topics: Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience,...
Sub Tracks Clinical Neurology, Neurodegenerative...
Demyelinating
Disorders
Demyelinating disorders are a group of conditions characterized by
damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers, known as the myelin sheath.
Myelin is crucial for the efficient transmission of electrical signals between
nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system
(PNS). When myelin is damaged or destroyed, it leads to impaired nerve
function, causing a range of neurological symptoms. Demyelination can result
from various causes, including autoimmune processes, genetic disorders,
infections, and other environmental factors.
Key Types of
Demyelinating Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Overview: MS is the most common chronic demyelinating disease of the
CNS, affecting both the brain and spinal cord. It is an autoimmune disorder
where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the myelin,
leading to lesions or scars (sclerosis).
Causes of
Demyelinating Disorders
Genetic Mutations: Inherited genetic disorders, such as
leukodystrophies, lead to defects in myelin production or maintenance.
Infections: Certain viral infections (e.g., JC virus in PML) or
bacterial infections can trigger demyelination, either through direct viral
attack or immune-mediated processes.
Environmental Factors: Environmental toxins, such as certain chemicals
or heavy metals, may contribute to demyelination in some cases.
Trauma: Physical injury to the spinal cord or brain can lead to
localized demyelination.
Chronic Inflammation: Conditions like autoimmune diseases or
inflammatory disorders (e.g., lupus) can result in long-term inflammation and
demyelination.
Diagnosis of
Demyelinating Disorders
Neurological Examination: A thorough assessment to evaluate motor
skills, coordination, reflexes, and cognitive function.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI scans with contrast are essential
for detecting lesions or areas of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
Treatment and
Management
Treatment for demyelinating disorders varies based on the specific
condition and its severity. Common treatment strategies include:
Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs): Used for conditions like multiple
sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica to reduce the frequency of relapses and slow
disease progression.
Immunosuppressive Drugs: Corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin
(IVIg), and plasmapheresis are commonly used to manage acute relapses and
reduce inflammation.